La reconvención por parte del Estado anfitrión en el Arbitraje de Inversión.

por | Jun 8, 2021 | Noticias | 624 Comentarios

La igualdad de medios de defensa supone que, si una parte ataca a otra ante un tribunal, esta última no solo posee el derecho a defenderse, sino que también tiene el derecho a contraatacar. Es un principio procesal aceptado en todos los sistemas jurídicos del mundo que el demandado tiene el derecho a reconvenir contra el reclamo principal. Sin embargo, en arbitraje de inversiones internacionales, el derecho procesal del Estado a formular una reconvención no está totalmente esclarecido, a lo que se suma el problema de determinar el consentimiento del inversor a la contrademanda y la condición de conexidad fáctica y jurídica entre demanda y reconvención.

El arbitraje de inversión es el tipo de arbitraje que se produce entre un Estado anfitrión y un privado que mantiene una inversión en dicho Estado. La finalidad de este tipo de mecanismo es que las partes acudan ante tribunales internacionales, para resolver los eventuales conflictos que surjan respecto del tratado de inversión o contrato y, de esta manera, evitar acudir ante la jurisdicción ordinaria del Estado anfitrión. Evidentemente el arbitraje de inversión busca evitar el eventual abuso o parcialidad los tribunales nacionales ordinarios, que pudieran favorecer de manera injusta al Estado, y proteger la inversión privada. En este comentario se planteará la posibilidad del Estado de plantear una reconvención en un arbitraje de inversión, lo cual a grandes rasgos creemos que es un instrumento que permite una defensa equitativa a un Estado, que en cierta medida no contaría con los mecanismos adecuados de alegato y debido proceso que el inversionista privado.

La necesidad de analizar la posibilidad de reconvención parte del aumento de cláusulas que imponen obligaciones a los inversores en los tratados de inversiones. Por ejemplo, se incluyen cláusulas de protección de derechos humanos, medio ambiente, estándares de anti-corrupción[1] y las denominadas cláusulas de responsabilidad social (RSE).

Las cláusulas RSE se refieren a todas las prácticas y normas a las que las empresas nacionales y transnacionales, se comprometen voluntariamente para limitar las externalidades negativas generadas por sus actividades en los ámbitos sociales, ambientales y de en líneas generales, el ámbito societario, todo lo anterior encuentra su origen en la ética[2]. Las cláusulas de responsabilidad social son nuevas, y su inclusión dentro de los tratados es extremadamente reciente, razón por la cual, hasta donde tenemos entendido, dichas cláusulas no han sido objeto de un arbitraje de inversiones. En la práctica las cláusulas de responsabilidad social tienen una redacción muy amplia, como por ejemplo[3] :

“El artículo 24 Código Panafricano de Inversiones (PAIC), que utiliza el condicional para invitar a los inversores a respetar los derechos humanos internacionalmente reconocidos, al tiempo que utiliza el imperativo para la lucha contra la corrupción (artículo 21). Del mismo modo, el artículo 12 sobre la RSE del TBI entre Qatar y la Argentina se limita a exigir a los inversores que operan en el territorio de cada Estado anfitrión que: Se esfuercen por incorporar voluntariamente en sus políticas y prácticas empresariales las normas de responsabilidad social empresarial reconocidas internacionalmente”.

El existir cada vez más obligaciones de este tipo que deben cumplir los inversores, se abre la puerta a que el Estado anfitrión busque hacer exigible las mismas. Ante esto, se considera que la posibilidad de reconvenir en este tipo de arbitraje tiene varios beneficios, consideramos los siguientes:

1.- Eficiencia, en vista que en un solo arbitraje se va litigar y resolver lo planteado en la demanda y en la reconvención, evitando que se plante un nuevo arbitraje por las pretensiones que planee plantear el Estado;

2.- Equidad y legitimidad, permitiendo la reconvención se mejora la legitimidad, y de esta manera se terminarían las preocupaciones sobre el actual sistema asimétrico del arbitraje de inversión, el que no resultaría del todo claro sobre la reconvención;

3.- Mejoramiento del Estado de Derecho, si la reconvención es permitida, el Estado puede en el mismo arbitraje solicitar que se declare responsable al inversionista privado por sus malas acciones o prácticas;

4.- Litispendencia y consistencia, la reconvención evita que se vean de manera paralela dos arbitrajes que traten sobre las mismas materias. Lo que permitiría acumular procesos arbitrales en un solo, con la finalidad de evitar laudos arbitrales que resulten siendo contradictorios[4].

Ahora bien, históricamente los tribunales han excluido o negado las reconvenciones planteadas por los estados (demandados) contra los inversionistas privados (demandantes), aunque en principio las reconvenciones son permitidas bajo el artículo 46 del Convenio CIADI, y el numeral 4 del artículo 21 del Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI. Uno de los casos más notables donde el tribunal permitió la reconvención del Estado, fue en el caso Urbaser c. Argentina. Del caso se desprende que esto se dio debido a que el Tratado Bilateral de Inversiones suscrito entre España y Argentina contenía una cláusula de resolución de disputas, en la cual se pactó que cualquier de las partes podía presentar un reclamo arbitral. Así, el tribunal arbitral permitió la reconvención que presentó Argentina, en la cual alegó que la compañía española Urbaser había realizado actividades contrarias a los derechos humanos. Finalmente el tribunal falló a favor de Urbaser, pero este caso abrió la puerta para que el Estado pueda reconvenir en el proceso arbitral iniciado por el inversionista.[5]

Es necesario, también, exponer casos en donde se ha admitido la reconvención planteada por el Estado y se ha condenado al inversionista privado. En el caso Burlington Resources contra la República del Ecuador (Caso CIADI No. ARB/08/5 del 7 de febrero del 2017), el tribunal condenó al inversionista Burlington por la suma de USD 40 millones en daños a favor de Ecuador por responsabilidad del inversor extranjero, debido a los costos de restauración del medio ambiente en un área afectada por la inversión. El tribunal arbitral recordó que el Estado anfitrión puede presentar una reconvención en arbitraje de inversiones contra el inversor extranjero siempre que las tres condiciones del artículo 46 del Convenio del CIADI se cumplan.

“Artículo 46. Excepto que las partes acuerden lo contrario, el Tribunal deberá, si lo solicita una parte, determinar cualquier reclamo o contrademanda adicional o incidental [i] que surgen directamente del tema de la disputa [ii.] siempre que estén dentro del alcance del consentimiento de las partes y [iii)] de lo contrario están dentro de la jurisdicción del Centro.”

En este caso, el Tribunal Arbitral determinó que se cumplían estas condiciones: (i) las reconvenciones surgieron directamente del objeto de la controversia; (ii) estaban dentro del alcance del consentimiento de las Partes para el arbitraje del CIADI que se manifestó en el acuerdo de las Partes; y (iii) también cayeron dentro de la jurisdicción del Centro según lo circunscrito por el artículo 25 del Convenio del CIADI (Una disputa legal que surge de una inversión que satisface el requisito de nacionalidad).Por consiguiente, Ecuador podría presentar contrademandas contra el inversionista extranjero. Este caso es uno de los ejemplos que mostrarían que ante los arbitrajes CIADI, es posible una reconvención de la parte estatal, sin embargo, su ocurrencia en la práctica ha sido limitada, consideramos que se debería a la dificultad de cumplir con el numeral segundo del artículo 46, que exige que las reconvenciones deban encontrarse dentro del alcance del consentimiento de las partes para el arbitraje del CIADI[6].

Otro caso relevante es el de Gas Natural Fenosa Electricidad Colombia S.L. y Gas Natural SDG S.A. contra la República de Colombia (CIADI Caso No. UNCT/18/1). Recientemente el CIADI falló a favor de la República de Colombia, eximiéndola de responder por las condenas solicitadas por el inversionista, ya que, el Tribunal decidió conceder la demanda de reconvención presentada por el Estado. Oportunamente la República de Colombia presentó la reconvención en contra de Gas Natural hoy conocida como Naturgy, en los cuales alegó los siguientes argumentos:

“1. Colombia ha tenido que canalizar un monto considerable de recursos a Electricaribe durante la intervención para asegurar la prestación del servicio de energía eléctrica en la región. 2. Las deficiencias del servicio de Electricaribe impactaron de manera adversa la industria y desarrollo de la Región Caribe, con la consecuente menor productividad y menor pago de impuestos. 3. Colombia recibió menos ingresos por concepto de los impuestos que habría pagado Electricaribe si hubiera sido bien administrada. 4. La administración de Gas Natural en Electricaribe desvalorizó la participación estatal en la empresa. La Nación es dueña del 6.56% de las acciones de Electricaribe, que pierden valor en la medida que la empresa se desvaloriza.”[7]

Lo anterior impidió que el Estado fuera condenado por US$1.310 millones por presuntos daños y perjuicios.

Finalmente podemos concluir cuatro puntos importantes: 1.- Los nuevos tratados de inversión buscan generar responsabilidad empresarial en las inversiones, lo que genera un aumento de obligaciones que debe cumplir el inversor para que su inversión sea protegida y, adicionalmente, aumenta la posibilidad de reclamos. 2.- El convenio CIADI, y el Reglamento de Arbitraje de la CNUDMI permiten la reconvención en el arbitraje de inversión. 3.- La reconvención en el arbitraje de inversión tiene muchos beneficios tanto para el Estado como para el inversionista privado; 4.- La reconvención ya se ha dado en casos puntuales, y todo apunta a que con el paso del tiempo se darán otros ejemplos sobre esta materia.

Autores:
Claudia Boriz
Estudiante de último semestre de Derecho de la Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Editora Asociada de USFQ Law Review.

Laura León
Estudiante en proceso de grado de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Externado de Colombia.

Javier Wright
Abogado admitido a la practica en Ecuador desde el 2020, actualmente cursando una maestría en Derecho Procesal en la UCSG.

Alexander Guzmán
Magister en Derecho Internacional por la Universidad de Estrasburgo (Francia) y especialización en la Academia de Derecho Internacional de La Haya (Holanda).

Referencias:

[1] Recuperado de: http://kryvoi.net/blog/counterclaims-in-investor-state-disputes-is-it-time-for-the-system-to-change/

[2] Clausulas de responsabilidad social empresarial en los tratados de inversión. Investment Treaty News. Disponible en web:https://www.iisd.org/itn/es/2018/12/21/corporate-social-responsibility-clauses-in-investment-treaties-laurence-dubin/

[3] Id.

[4] UNCITRAL “Posibilidad de permitir reconvenciones” Disponible en web: https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/uncitral_recs_and_justification_final.pdf

[5]Urbaser v Argentina the origins of a host state human rightscounterclaim in ICSID arbitration. Disponible en Web: https://www.ejiltalk.org/urbaser-v-argentina-the-origins-of-a-host-state-human-rightscounterclaim-in-icsid-arbitration/

[6] International Arbitration Information by Aceris Law LLC. Disponible en web: https://www.international-arbitration-attorney.com/es/state-counterclaim-investment-arbitration/

[7] Nación no deberá pagar $4,8 billones a Gas Natural tras decisión de Tribunal Arbitral Internacional. Disponible en web: https://www.asuntoslegales.com.co/actualidad/colombia-no-debera-pagar-48-billones-a-gas-natural-tras-decision-del-tribunal-arbitral-3138427 Colombia gano millonario pleito a Naturgy por Electricaribe. Disponible en web: https://www.portafolio.co/economia/colombia-gano-caso-de-electricaribe-a-naturgy-549996

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